ICRP Publication 110
Adult Reference Computational Phantoms
Prepared jointly with ICRU
Recommended citation
ICRP, 2009. Adult Reference Computational Phantoms. ICRP Publication 110. Ann. ICRP 39 (2).
Abstract - This report describes the development and intended use of the computational phantoms of the Reference Male and Reference Female. In its 2007 Recommendations, ICRP adopted these computational phantoms for forthcoming updates of organ dose coefficients for both internal and external radiation sources (ICRP, 2007). The phantoms are based on medical image data of real people, yet are consistent with the data given in Publication 89 (ICRP, 2002) on the reference anatomical and physiological parameters for both male and female subjects. The reference phantoms are constructed after modifying the voxel models (Golem and Laura) of two individuals whose body height and mass resembled the reference data. The organ masses of both models were adjusted to the ICRP data on the adult Reference Male and Reference Female, without compromising their anatomic realism. This report describes the methods used for this process and the characteristics of the resulting computational phantoms.
Chapter 1 summarises the main reasons for constructing these phantoms – voxel phantoms being the state of the art, and the necessity for compliance with the anatomical characteristics of the Reference Male and Reference Female given in Publication 89 (ICRP, 2002). Chapter 2 summarises the specifications of the computational phantoms with respect to external dimensions and the source and target regions that are required. Chapter 3 characterises the previously segmented voxel models (Golem and Laura) that are the origins of the reference phantoms. Chapter 4 sketches the modifications that had to be applied to these models to create voxel models of the Reference Male and Reference Female. Chapter 5 is a description of the resulting reference computational phantoms of the Reference Male and Reference Female. Finally, Chapter 6 indicates their applications and highlights their limitations.
The phantoms’ technical descriptions are contained in Annexes A–H, which represent the larger part of this report. The numerical data representing the phantoms are contained on an electronic data storage medium (CD-ROM) that accompanies the printed publication. One of the aims of this report is to assist those who wish to implement the phantoms for their own calculations.
Furthermore, to illustrate the uses of these phantoms, graphical illustrations of conversion coefficients for some external and internal exposures are included in Annexes I–L.
A comprehensive set of recommended values will be published in separate reports. Finally, Annex M presents a description of the data files on the CD-ROM.
© 2009 ICRP. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Keywords: Computational phantoms; Voxel models; Reference Male; Reference Female.
Key Points
The phantoms presented in this document are the official computational models representing the Reference Male and Reference Female (ICRP, 2002,2007). These reference computational models are based on computed tomographic data of real people and, hence, are digital three-dimensional representations of human anatomy.
For the construction of the reference computational models, tomographic data sets were selected of individuals with external dimensions close to the reference data. From these data, voxel phantoms were segmented and then adjusted to the reference values given in Publication 89 (ICRP, 2002).
Most relevant source and target regions are adjusted to their reference mass values with high precision. Exceptions and limitations are discussed.
The phantoms’ technical descriptions are contained in a series of annexes that form the larger part of this report.
The numerical data representing the phantoms are contained on an electronic data storage medium (CD-ROM) that accompanies the printed document. One of the aims of this report is to assist those who wish to implement the phantoms for their own calculations.
Executive Summary
(a) This report describes the development and intended use of the computational phantoms of the Reference Male and Reference Female. In its 2007 Recommendations, ICRP adopted these computational phantoms for the forthcoming update of organ dose coefficients for internal and external radiation sources (ICRP, 2007). The phantoms are based on medical image data of real people and are consistent with the information given in Publication 89 (ICRP, 2002) on the reference anatomical and physiological parameters for both male and female subjects. The reference voxel models were constructed after modifying the voxel models (Golem and Laura) of two individuals whose body height and mass closely resembled the reference data. The organ masses of both models were adjusted to the ICRP data on the adult Reference Male and Reference Female, without significantly altering their realistic anatomy. The report describes the methods used for this process and the characteristics of the resulting voxel phantoms. Furthermore, to illustrate the uses of these phantoms, conversion coefficients for some external and internal exposures are also included.
(b) The numerical data representing the phantoms are contained on an electronic data storage medium (CD-ROM) that accompanies the printed publication. One of the aims of this report is to assist those who wish to implement the phantoms for their own calculations.
(c) Chapter 1 summarises the main reasons for constructing these phantoms – voxel phantoms being the state of the art, and the necessity for compliance with the anatomical characteristics of the Reference Male and Reference Female given in Publication 89 (ICRP, 2002). Chapter 2 summarises the specifications of the computational phantoms with respect to external dimensions and the source and target regions that are required. Chapter 3 characterises the previously segmented voxel models (Golem and Laura) that are the origins of the reference phantoms. Chapter 4 sketches the modifications that had to be applied to these models to create voxel models of the Reference Male and Reference Female. Chapter 5 is a description of the resulting reference computational phantoms of the Reference Male and Reference Female. Finally, Chapter 6 indicates their applications and highlights their limitations.
(d) The phantoms’ technical descriptions are contained in a series of annexes that form the larger part of this publication.
(e) Annex A presents a list of the individually segmented organs/structures (identification list), together with the assigned media, densities, masses, containing boxes, and centres of mass.
(f) Annex B presents a list of the phantom media and their elemental compositions.
(g) Annex C is a list of the source regions, together with their typically used acronyms and the identification numbers that make up these source regions, and Annex D presents the respective data for the target regions.
(h) In Annex E, distributions are given of the thickness of tissue shielding selected organs from the front, back, left, right, top, and bottom; these distributions are presented in graphical form.
(i) In Annex F, chord-length distributions between selected pairs of source and target organs are presented in graphical form.
(j) Annex G presents selected transverse, sagittal, and coronal slice images of both reference computational phantoms.
(k) Furthermore, to illustrate the uses of these phantoms, graphical illustrations of conversion coefficients for some external and internal exposures are included in Annexes H–L. A comprehensive set of recommended values will be published in separate reports.
(l) In Annex H, some selected organ dose conversion coefficients for external exposure to monoenergetic photons are presented.
(m) Annex I presents some selected organ dose conversion coefficients for external exposure to monoenergetic neutrons.
(n) In Annex J, some selected organ dose conversion coefficients are presented for external exposure to helium ions.
(o) In Annexes K and L, specific absorbed fractions are given for selected source and target region pairs for monoenergetic photons and electrons, respectively.
(p) Annex M summarises the contents of the CD-ROM containing the phantom numerical data.
References
ICRP, 2002. Basic anatomical and physiological data for use in radiological protection: reference values. ICRP Publication 89. Ann. ICRP 32(3–4).
ICRP, 2007. The 2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. ICRP Publication 103. Ann. ICRP 37(2–4).
ICRP, 2009. Adult Reference Computational Phantoms. ICRP Publication 110. Ann. ICRP 39 (2).
Abstract - This report describes the development and intended use of the computational phantoms of the Reference Male and Reference Female. In its 2007 Recommendations, ICRP adopted these computational phantoms for forthcoming updates of organ dose coefficients for both internal and external radiation sources (ICRP, 2007). The phantoms are based on medical image data of real people, yet are consistent with the data given in Publication 89 (ICRP, 2002) on the reference anatomical and physiological parameters for both male and female subjects. The reference phantoms are constructed after modifying the voxel models (Golem and Laura) of two individuals whose body height and mass resembled the reference data. The organ masses of both models were adjusted to the ICRP data on the adult Reference Male and Reference Female, without compromising their anatomic realism. This report describes the methods used for this process and the characteristics of the resulting computational phantoms.
Chapter 1 summarises the main reasons for constructing these phantoms – voxel phantoms being the state of the art, and the necessity for compliance with the anatomical characteristics of the Reference Male and Reference Female given in Publication 89 (ICRP, 2002). Chapter 2 summarises the specifications of the computational phantoms with respect to external dimensions and the source and target regions that are required. Chapter 3 characterises the previously segmented voxel models (Golem and Laura) that are the origins of the reference phantoms. Chapter 4 sketches the modifications that had to be applied to these models to create voxel models of the Reference Male and Reference Female. Chapter 5 is a description of the resulting reference computational phantoms of the Reference Male and Reference Female. Finally, Chapter 6 indicates their applications and highlights their limitations.
The phantoms’ technical descriptions are contained in Annexes A–H, which represent the larger part of this report. The numerical data representing the phantoms are contained on an electronic data storage medium (CD-ROM) that accompanies the printed publication. One of the aims of this report is to assist those who wish to implement the phantoms for their own calculations.
Furthermore, to illustrate the uses of these phantoms, graphical illustrations of conversion coefficients for some external and internal exposures are included in Annexes I–L.
A comprehensive set of recommended values will be published in separate reports. Finally, Annex M presents a description of the data files on the CD-ROM.
© 2009 ICRP. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Keywords: Computational phantoms; Voxel models; Reference Male; Reference Female.
Key Points
The phantoms presented in this document are the official computational models representing the Reference Male and Reference Female (ICRP, 2002,2007). These reference computational models are based on computed tomographic data of real people and, hence, are digital three-dimensional representations of human anatomy.
For the construction of the reference computational models, tomographic data sets were selected of individuals with external dimensions close to the reference data. From these data, voxel phantoms were segmented and then adjusted to the reference values given in Publication 89 (ICRP, 2002).
Most relevant source and target regions are adjusted to their reference mass values with high precision. Exceptions and limitations are discussed.
The phantoms’ technical descriptions are contained in a series of annexes that form the larger part of this report.
The numerical data representing the phantoms are contained on an electronic data storage medium (CD-ROM) that accompanies the printed document. One of the aims of this report is to assist those who wish to implement the phantoms for their own calculations.
Executive Summary
(a) This report describes the development and intended use of the computational phantoms of the Reference Male and Reference Female. In its 2007 Recommendations, ICRP adopted these computational phantoms for the forthcoming update of organ dose coefficients for internal and external radiation sources (ICRP, 2007). The phantoms are based on medical image data of real people and are consistent with the information given in Publication 89 (ICRP, 2002) on the reference anatomical and physiological parameters for both male and female subjects. The reference voxel models were constructed after modifying the voxel models (Golem and Laura) of two individuals whose body height and mass closely resembled the reference data. The organ masses of both models were adjusted to the ICRP data on the adult Reference Male and Reference Female, without significantly altering their realistic anatomy. The report describes the methods used for this process and the characteristics of the resulting voxel phantoms. Furthermore, to illustrate the uses of these phantoms, conversion coefficients for some external and internal exposures are also included.
(b) The numerical data representing the phantoms are contained on an electronic data storage medium (CD-ROM) that accompanies the printed publication. One of the aims of this report is to assist those who wish to implement the phantoms for their own calculations.
(c) Chapter 1 summarises the main reasons for constructing these phantoms – voxel phantoms being the state of the art, and the necessity for compliance with the anatomical characteristics of the Reference Male and Reference Female given in Publication 89 (ICRP, 2002). Chapter 2 summarises the specifications of the computational phantoms with respect to external dimensions and the source and target regions that are required. Chapter 3 characterises the previously segmented voxel models (Golem and Laura) that are the origins of the reference phantoms. Chapter 4 sketches the modifications that had to be applied to these models to create voxel models of the Reference Male and Reference Female. Chapter 5 is a description of the resulting reference computational phantoms of the Reference Male and Reference Female. Finally, Chapter 6 indicates their applications and highlights their limitations.
(d) The phantoms’ technical descriptions are contained in a series of annexes that form the larger part of this publication.
(e) Annex A presents a list of the individually segmented organs/structures (identification list), together with the assigned media, densities, masses, containing boxes, and centres of mass.
(f) Annex B presents a list of the phantom media and their elemental compositions.
(g) Annex C is a list of the source regions, together with their typically used acronyms and the identification numbers that make up these source regions, and Annex D presents the respective data for the target regions.
(h) In Annex E, distributions are given of the thickness of tissue shielding selected organs from the front, back, left, right, top, and bottom; these distributions are presented in graphical form.
(i) In Annex F, chord-length distributions between selected pairs of source and target organs are presented in graphical form.
(j) Annex G presents selected transverse, sagittal, and coronal slice images of both reference computational phantoms.
(k) Furthermore, to illustrate the uses of these phantoms, graphical illustrations of conversion coefficients for some external and internal exposures are included in Annexes H–L. A comprehensive set of recommended values will be published in separate reports.
(l) In Annex H, some selected organ dose conversion coefficients for external exposure to monoenergetic photons are presented.
(m) Annex I presents some selected organ dose conversion coefficients for external exposure to monoenergetic neutrons.
(n) In Annex J, some selected organ dose conversion coefficients are presented for external exposure to helium ions.
(o) In Annexes K and L, specific absorbed fractions are given for selected source and target region pairs for monoenergetic photons and electrons, respectively.
(p) Annex M summarises the contents of the CD-ROM containing the phantom numerical data.
References
ICRP, 2002. Basic anatomical and physiological data for use in radiological protection: reference values. ICRP Publication 89. Ann. ICRP 32(3–4).
ICRP, 2007. The 2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. ICRP Publication 103. Ann. ICRP 37(2–4).
